What is the difference in application between open stirrups and closed stirrups in
concrete beams?
Open stirrups are provided principally to resist shear forces in concrete beams and they are
applied in locations in which the effect of torsion is insignificant. U-shaped stirrups are
placed in the tension side of concrete beams in which shear cracks would occur. However,
when concrete beams are designed to resist a substantial amount of torsion, closed stirrups
should be used instead.

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